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Ya L]V[ [e`[ JTU Yy[Y c[JV 1895 Fr[ 6+
]J, [W[[ (ZX Eb JTUT) LXGcS E[X* Tg[
YT[ X] [`XU aec ; ]T a`_V[ K_X [FT BTcaE C
E_ET [`[V_^[ \TY[ =YJ^ a[ ^VXU a[E[[
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[^a+ c[JV ]Tc[ c^K_X* [`XU[ Yy[ aE_+
]W[ C J[y[X, TXW c[JV a[w]* ``[ UE+ Tg[
l[W[ ]W[ a aG\[ [a[W, %V`[VT, TLؑT C
E]_ cV^[ Y[J^ YC^ ^T* c^[ _ YQ [ a]^ YWX
`lE <`XJV Hb[ [`b Jr^ B _ UE Ky[w Y[l[
%X]T YC^ G_ Y[ c[JV B Y[l VX A[e %XE [` X[
Y^ YU] cX* _ YQ[ a]^ c[JV YT[da[+ aVJ[S[
LX YVw Y[[O YTX*
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c[JV Y[`E Y[l^ JTU ؚX Y^ =wS cX* 1913
Fr YaQa E_L UE %+. Aa-a. T ץT^ A[e 1915 Fr
[.Aa-a. T TX YU] ؚX %WE[ E[X*
Y[VfFET[
c[JV[ ]X LXa[[ %Gc [[[[+ Y[_ K_* Ky[ؚ^
[[[V[ a VXVfFV[ LX ]r\l C EYQ aeGc E[TX*
B a]^ TX E_L[ KyV[ a V_ [gW JgV T_ V[V `]L[
C TV[ K_Y_V[ [ؙT [ؙT G^ YQTX*
c[JV[ [w[ OE^ Tg[ YQ[ F[J E_^ ^
UET TX T[ a[+ VfؚV[ LX F[J E[TX* Vfؚ KyV[
Y[l[ Z[ LX GYX aW]T ac^ E[ TX %WYE L[XC
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E[TX X, YS[ OX+ E[TX* c[JV AE+ \[ AO
J_^ GKX A[e TV[ VfFVV`[ [Y[ aJTX c^
YTE[ ca[ ؑWXT %V_X[ VE %Er cX*
1912 Fr
[W]X[ [XyS c[JV %]XbE Y[`] E[ VlT A[e
%ܙ[ET^ aE_[ Vr %EbS E[X* 1915 Fr [gEQ[
[X C V\lyS[ LX Ky[ ^ ac^ \Q[ F_X T[
aŽVE K_X c[JV %[ ^G aŽVE K_X a\bJV -
Y[[TE_[ XTL*
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E][ؙT[ ]WC ]X[a[[ %ܙ[E %Gc[ V[X [.Aa-a.
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V^ %cTV[ TdlSE JEda (First Aid) `l E[
Y[l VX A[e ץT^ ؚX %WE[ E[X*
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%_Y[ a_ L_ AE XLX El %[[ӈ [F c^*
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E[KX* EU]T +TV W]Gܚ A[e ؑ] [[EXV[ [JX
TX ]X V^ YQK_X* B E_[ ؑV` %V_X [T ^[EV[
]W ؑ]L[ %G]^ [S[ Y\[ a[LX[VT* c[JVC
ؑ]L[ T[ [[G, TGTYaYT L[X, %Y[-V`cTbS,
X\E ؑ\[, TLؑT C %zܙ E]YJr^
[`b\[ Y\[T
c^K_X A[e %[[cT UE V`a[ C LXa[ E[E+ L[X[
_l [_ ؚ[ E[K_X* [[EXV[ Y[S ^ `[]EbV[
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W]ly `[]Eb[ m[ӱ* <`[_\+ ^ ]X[L[X[ _l
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cT* Tg[ ]X cT \G[X ^V %KX
T[ AT [b], AT %[J[ C VfF EX ? A+ a]^ XLX E[[aE_
TX AEVX `Eb[ V[V`X _\ E[X* B V`X[ Y[ TX
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Tg[ ]X Yt\T z` V[ c^ G_* L_[ FC^ F[Y cC^
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L[X[ \[bd [Y ^X A+ V`X[ ]W] Tg[ a]X =YؚT c_*
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A].Aa-a. Y[l[ E c[ ? KyV[V a[ %Tb A+ ]W[
KyOE ac^ E[T AG^ A_X* Tg[+ Jr^ c[JV
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Y[ 1920 Fr[ 21` AY_ TX [[c E[X* [[c[ V
[K[ Y[ c[JV[ YTV[ %EE\[ a~a [G
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c[JV OO +Q^_ [[ JE[ KQ %WYX[
EL[ LX aJr cX* +T]W a[FT %UXT[b^E YyE 'EYO_'-A
c[JV[ %XE ]_[X Y[ YE`T c^K_* TKQ
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[JX a[ %Tb[ Vr AQ^ X* TX Bm_ YQ [e C
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cX ^ [SL, %UXT C Y[aeFX c[JV[ a[J QG X
UE aüC TgE B a[ [b^ %WYX^ X^N E[X* c[JV F[
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a[ %Tb
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=YV` V^ aE`_ X^][W[ FgOXO [W %Ty] E[
Y[l V[[ [[ؚ E[ VX* 1927 Fr c[JV[ ]_E
G[bS Gܚ "Early
European Banking In India with some reflections on present condition"-A[ CY[
E_ET [`[V_^ UE TX Y-A+J. Q. =YW YX*
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JE[ E[E_X TX 'G\X]O E]`^_ +XOO=O'-A 1940 Fr
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XXVE Y[cT cK_* 1924 Fr UE
1935 Fr Y^ܙ TX
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K_X* X] [SL-aŽVE c_C
E^Tf TX+ K_X ]XL[* YyEOT Tg[ _FT "[^ EbE] aeH" C
[VW[ XV aeyܙ
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K_X* 1952 Fr AE [da[[ LX '+׳Q^X a^a EeGa'-A[ aeFTü
`F[ a\YT X[JT cX*
%V` Gcؚ
L[X ^YX E[, %GW Y׳QT YһJ[ ]X ^` ac aF[ aea[[
%WE[ c^ A[e E]L[X aYTלT C XfؑU a[^ =Lj c^C
c[JV Eܙ ]X `ܙ YK_X X* `ܙ_\[ LX c[JV
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c[X a a Tg[ W[X F[ Y[[ K_* a+ %V`[
[ؙ[ [Y^S ^g[ L[X c^K TgE+ Tg[ J+* E] =Y_l
[ XL[ =VG TX %XE aW C [FT W]m[[ ae&`
AaK_X - EX EX ly \_C _GK Eܙ PE ]X[ ]Xb YX
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a %GW %ؚ A[e Tg[ YT YGR \_[a V++ YE`
Y^K* AT cVT aüC aTVXU[ A+ %aܙr c[JVE
EX\[ Tg[ %X[TT [ UE [J_T E[T Y[ X*
VXT[ YT]T c[JV `JTXV[
[JT `lrE[, "TSVY aXJX T[[Y acbX* %]XX ]XVX ETX^f
aV c[f**" A+ `EO W ^ F[ YKV
E[TX T X^, XL L[X AO TX ^\[ Y^G E[TX T[C
=€_ Vrܙ YC^ ^^*
AEVX aE_[_ c[JV ^FX [QT K_X X
a+ a]^ LXE YT[` Tg[ [QT Aa XX[E] G_]V
E[K_X* c[JV Z[ Aa aEU X TFX+ YT[`[
[QT G^ [__X, "%YX %]E E [_T G^K_X ; %] [Q K_] X ; X
X* AFX [_X*" YT[`O[ TFXC F[ [G*
[E[E E[T _G_X* Y^ aQ X^O[ a]^ c[JV
`ܙ\[ [__X, "VFX,
[_ c^ ^K* %YX[C %Za[ [_, %][C E_L[ [_*
C-[_ Aa %YX[ [E EUm_ X[*" c[JV %[[ a[_ A_X A[e
G_G_ X[[ X_X* [y V`O %VL a]^ [__X, "AFX %YX[ F[[ a]^ A[e %][C
F[[ a]^* E_ aE_ Aa %[[ %YX[ EU X ^[*" Y[[ VX aE_ ^FX c[JV
%[[ AaKX TFX YT[`O cT LQ E[ [_KX, "%]E l] E[X*" c[JV a[ a]^ <`[Jܙ
E[TX [_ E VXT, acbT C %]X A\[ Tg[ L[X ]T
c^ =PK_ !
%]X +TV[ aWX^ [T c[JV[
L[X VF ^^ =JXݻJ \_ G^ TX aE_[ a AE[WC
YTלT cKX*
c[JV AEVX Tg[ [aGc UE
``[]Eb ]׳V[ ^K_X* TFX V\l[ a]^* YU VGTV[ LX
_[FX[ _+X [ _E AEO FJQ[ LX U_ cT VQ^
%K VFT Y_X* TX E AE \[ %[r c^ XL Y׳QT C
%\LT \_ AV[ a _+X VQ_X* F[[ Y^ EX %^ Aa
^FX c[JVE [M_X ^ TX ^V B %~ GcX E[X T[ AELX
[\l X[-X[^S [ׇT c[, TFX c[JV Z[ G_X*
m[V[ ``c]JV Tg[ %X[TV[
[Vܙ[ "<` [a]Ve a[]" ]ܗO =Y_[ Y[S VTX*
<`[+ a[ c^KX AO m[V[[ EU]T aWX E[[ Z_
a[EKT+ c[JV[ [Сaw[ =Y_ E[Y cT _G_ T[
VO Vrܙ Xo VC^ G_*
m[V[ c[JVE `F^K_X, "^FX+ KyV[ EK [_[, \G[XE+
[_K AO ]X E[[ ; %[ za
RE[[ a]^ K_V[ \G[XpX X][ E[ RE[*" A+\[ EKVX aWX[
Y[ Tg[ ^ %X\T c^K_ T Tg[ XL[ \b^ _Y[
E[ c_* "AEVX za RE K_V[ X]
QEK* YTE =w[ VK %[ %][ ]X cK ^ %] QEK
%[ \G[X aQ VKX* \G[X AT EX %][ EU X[X [_ [a
%KX ! ^+ AEU %][ ]X c_ %]X ^X E]X c^ G_]* \[[ %[`]y aVX
%][ c^K_* E[S %] pX c[+ X* TFX+
A+ YUX
]X A_, "PE[, A \[ UE_ %] T
YQT Y[[ X* %][ za T YQ c[+ X, K_[ AT G_]_
[ E[[ ^ %X zaC YQX J_[ X* A \[ T] X^ XC,
PE[*" A+ YUX E[T+ B \[O EO
G_* %] YQT Y[_]* Eܙ B AEVX[ %X\T AT T[ ^ AO
%][ ]X UE ]K ^^ X* A[Y[ %][ KyV[ PE %GE[
JF VFT Y[ X* T+ \[[ VE V^C LXbO a]X A[e
lSE[ c_C CT E[ %][ A+ W[SO VʻRT[ c^K ^ 'TX a[ aLKX [ c^KX'*"
AEVX [`[V_^[ aXFؚ ZOYU
QO[X[ CY[ Y T_ aGc %[LX \lS[T AEO EE[
c[JV[ JF YQ_* a a ]X c_, '`\G[X EE[ aL A\[ Xe[ F^
%]E [S E[^ VKX ^ aea[[ %Y[y [ؙ %][ A[Y
aGc \G E[ UE*'
A+ %X\T A]X+ T[ c^K_ ^, TFX c[JV ؚX-E_-Yy
AE[[ [T c^K_X* XEO[T [`[V_^[ Y[JT
%WYEV[ %U[ KyV[ XL[ YQT Y[X, A Jܙ Tg[ ]X
[V]y =V^ c^ X* c[JV a+ QO[X EE[-\G[X[ Y
[F[ L^G^ YS] X E[ UET Y[_X X*
1945 Ff 2[ LX^[ ``c]JV[
VcTG c^* TX Tg[ PE[[Q[ \[ c[JV[ =Y[
%YS E[X*
m[_\[ %VX Y[ UE+ c[JV[
XX[Y V[V`X C %X\T cT* m[_\[ Y[ XLX E[El
`Eb[ V[V`X_\[ EU Y[+ [_ c^K* AFX a-a[ [Q
J__* 1945 Ff %k[[ ]a[ YU] ac c[JV %aؚ YyE
X^ cC^ [V_T G_Q ^X* aFX TX a[V WX ؙ[ X^
UETX* AEVX \[[_ WX[ a]^ TX %[T[ RER_
Ega[ HO XT Y_X* T[ E^EVX Y[ B ` ]_^ G^ AEO
[g`[ a[ Tg[ EX [LT _G_* L[X[ `bVX Y^ܙ B V[
[e`W[X EFXC T[ EFXC ]V\[ TX XT YTX* A+ [e`W[X
T[ c_ TX aea[[ [ [+[[ EX EL ]X VT Y[TX
X*
m[V[[ VcTG[ E^E ]a Y[ UE E^ELX
^[E c[JV[ V[ L[X[ YT %Er c^ Tg[ EK
^T^T E[T UEX* c[JV AgV[ EK \G[d Ya E[TX
A[e ``PE[ C XL m[V[[ EU [_TX* a-a[ %]T]^ [S
X C Tg[ L[X VF ]DŽ ^[E[ %XE+ TgE m[[Y YT
%Gc cX* ^[EV[ ]W GcC K_X E][C K_X* c[JV
XL m[V[[ EK UE ]ܗ YX X, E=E ]ܗVl VXC X* TX
%GܙE \NV[ aE_E+ ``PE[[ YV`T TG-[[G[
YU J_[ Y[S VTX* [ؙTf Tg[ L[X AFX UE
aŽS\[ %`T \N-aܙXV[ Y[]UE E_S =daGET
c^K_* \NV[ <`[YU J_T
E[[
LX Tg[ ET+ X %Gc K_* YFYQ[ ]T E[ %c[c TgV[
`FTX, =dac VTX* Tg[ `lYS_ [Q adzV[ K_* E[ EX
Vb yO YQ_ A]X ]_^] C ]r E[ [_TX ^ =ׁr [N[ ]X
EX %HT+ _GT X* EP[ `aX[ Y[[T %YU[ \_[a[
ac^+ \NV[ ]X L^ E[K_X* Tg_ ]W AEO ]TcV^
[[L E[T* YTO aܙX[ FgOXO Y^LX Tg[ ^-[E]
F^_ UET %XE G\W[S[C XL aܙX[ YT %T UE X* Z_
ZO_ }][ %a* c[JV[ \N aܙXV[ aeFC y] [QT
_G_*
JE[ UE %[a[ X[[ Y[ c[JV
Z_T G] GT[ Tg[ m[V[ Y[EהT AEO %`] ؚYX
E[ E^ELX m[}T C TG ^[E \Nac aFX [a E[T
UEX* F[ aVaW\[ UETX A[e V[V %`lT Y{[aV[ a
A]X %YXLX[ ]T ]`TX ^ X[l[ G]-[]S[C A+ [FT Y׳QT
_EO[ a a[_\[ EU [_T aJT cTX X* c[JV ^X
TgV[ [_EYy K_X* c[JV adzV[ adzV[ a[a G[ ac^
`l VTX - [JX\C K_ F[ L[ܙ*
c[JV [_TX W]YU YU] WY J[y GPX*
aTT ^N UE - [b[`ؗ ^E "%[UE_" [_ c^K TY =Y[ TX F[
L[ VTX* AEO a]^C ^X c[X] [ c[Jܙ [X [U X
^^* Tg[ ]F <`[Ya KQ %X EU `X ^T X* E=
[LXT [ %X Ya T__ c[JV %T X\[ ca [_TX, "[[ Aa[ %_JX \_[aX X*"
a]V`
c[JV V[V, X[l[, Y{[a[ A[e WX[X, `lT,
`c[[a[ a [[c[ [ a]V[ YUE E[TX X*
LT-W]-aŽV^ X[`b ^X Tg[ EK %aTX TgE+ TX
%aŽV^E adYa T E[TX*
TG Gc X[`b \NV[ YT Tg[ =YV`
- YTE X[[ ]W LGXT[ %ؙ =Y_ E[T c[ - XL[
Y[ ]WC* XL A+ aWX^ a_\ E[ T[+ TX A+ =YV`
V^KX* [_TX, "XL ^ E[ Z_ Y^K T+-+ W T]V[ [_"* XL[ aWXL[X F_ [+^[
YT[ ]T \NV[ a]X ]_ W[KX, ^T \N[ A UE `l
XX, %XYST cX*
]c_ \NV[ [_TX, "LG€XX cC"* %Ud YTE L[E aܙX[ ]T
VF* Kv EU, Eܙ A[ TdY^ [[O !
cV^ܗ[ T, [NJYWE, cgY[
Er Aa[ Tg[ a[ aU K_ -- TVY[ cX^[ LXC ]W ]W
Er cT* Eܙ TX Aa[ Gc+ E[TX X* [_TX, "`[[[ EU LX X, %] \_+
%K*" %XE a]^ \N[ Tg[ `[[
F[Y [_ TgE Z_T UE E_ET X^ %aT J+_ c[JV
ؑ\[a_\ aETE \T [_TX, "cg E_ET^ G_+ T %[ E=
][ X* AT [Q ECQT_, X]T_ ``X, a[ Fg Fg E[K* AEO
JTC L_ X*"
[_TX, "[G[Y PE[+ %aX* acbT
acE[ DbWYU[ X^] Y_X E[ Tg[ a[ E[T c^* a[
X-a[ Tg+ +K* `[SGT c^ a[ Er ac E[T c^*"
1964 Ff Z[^[ ]a c[JV
cV^ܗ[ TLXT cgY[ Er F[ YQT c^ YQ_
\NaܙXGS TgE E_ET^ X^ %aX* Y[[T V` ]a TX AFX+
K_X* Y^+ `aEr cT* `b[ E^ ]a `aEr[ a +=[]^
[G %yܙ c^ TX [XV V[^]X W [KX^ [a [a
PaX V^ EO^K_X* A[ ]WC \NaܙXV[ aca V^KX,
=dac[E at[T E[KX* XL[ Er TX ET[ cTX X,
ET[ cTX `^Y` VQ^]X \NaܙXV[ %ac^
[UT
]F VF* V[[G [WLXT XX[W Er[ ]WC Tg[
=G`XT, `ܙ\[, acbT A[e Y[[ X\_ EU[T C
YF[ T`N VF [`r JEdaEGS ^[Y[X+ [T
c^K_X* L[X[Y `[SGT[ ^ Vrܙ TX \NaܙXV[ a]X
T_ W[K_X %ܙ] V` ]a T ^X %[C =€_ c^ =PK_*
c[JV Tg[ m[V[[ Vc[aX[ Y[
Y^`f+ \NV[ [_TX, "[[[ `[[ ^FX J_ G_ TFX %][C `[[ J_ ^[[
EU ! Eܙ Tg[ EL[ LX TX A+
`[[O [F V^KX*" [ؙTf m[[ a TX AE c^ G^K_X ; Vc V+ c_C
AE YS ! %[`b 1964 Fr[ 31` Qa[
[T 10-50 ]XO TX ``m[YV _X cX*
]ca]W[ EKVX Y[ AEVX JE-_GX
O_ E[ oX E[T X^ ^[[ a]^ Qae O[_[ %^X^
c[JV[ Vr YQT [_ =P_X, "A E ! [[[ ]F VFK ^ !" `C^[[ T_^ oX E[[ a]^
V[\[ \[Y[ c^ VcT LQ E[ EY_ PE^ [_KX, "]X cK ] G[ T_^ [a oX
E[Kb*" H[ Z[ Aa O_T O_T [KX^ =P [a[
a]^ cPd \NaܙXV[ [_ =P_X, "aF W[ W[* \[ R_R_* %][
]c\[ c^K* `]T[ ^]X ]c\[ c^K_, %][C a+
]c\[*" T[Y[ %[[ EU H[^
[_KX, "X [[, ]c\[ c_ E E= [_
%][ ]c\[ c^K ? E [_, [[ ?" a+ a]^ c[JV[ `[[ EX
%aF %K [_ ]X c^ X -- AT aؚ VFK_* [Y ^X ZO
YQK_ A[e a]ؙ `[[ UE ^X LT [K[T cK_*
\NE_S X[VTYS c[JV \NV[ %\^
V^ [_TX, "]T
X+* %] ][[ X, T][ E E[ VF[*" Tg[ %][ % J[E_ aE_[
E_S [WX E[X -- A+ YUX*
Cg m[V[YS]ؙ**