(2)     W[

 

%L 20` LX^[ 1948 ]_[[* ``[]Eb ]׳V[ `m[ \G[T[ JTU [ %r] %W^ UE W[[ EU YP[ Y[ W[ a [_KX, "W[ %Ud ^g[ <`[[ YT _l ؚ[ c^K*" A+ Ya `m[ AEO G [_KX :

AELX ]T_ AE gQ[ VEX G^ ]V F^ AEFX XO [[ E[ gQE V] V^K* gQ [_K, "%L %[ \X X+, [E OE E_ X[X*" ]T_ \[K, 'AFX ]V[ MgE [^׻K, E_ Aa ^V VEX ׻JXT X Y[, AEO X`X E[ ^+*' ]T_ VEX UE [[^ VEXOE [` E[ ׻JX [F[[ LX AVE CVE J^ VFK* VF AEO E_ bgQ a+ VEX[ a]X ^ %K* a+OE X`X PE E[ ]T_ [Q Z[_* Y[[ VX aE_ VEX FgLT [[^ EUC %[ E_ bgQ VFT Y^ X* %[`b VF AEO V[L[ VEX[ a]X AEO E_ bgQ ^ %K* TFX a+ VEX RE V[LE LQ^ W[ ]T_O [_K, "]], T] T F[ [cV[ VFT Y׬K* %][ EO OE ZgE V[[ LX [T[T AE[[ VEX[ \_ [V_^ Z_K ! ]V[ a[ YY YJ[ E[ AE[[ a[[ a_+ ]`X \T E[ Z_K ! Eܙ %]E ZgE VT Y[[ X* %][ X`X %K ^ ! B VF bgQ*" [ؙ[E %][C aea[E X`X E[׻K* aea[ ^ aea[T ; E[_+ a[ a[ ^K* aFX+ %][ %XV FgL׻K* %XV[ VEX %[ FgL YC^ ^K X* ^V <`[ Vr ؚ[ E[T] T[ L[X `ܙ C %XV YT]* %[ E ? X, YgJ[K[[ [_E W[ \G[X_\[ LX J_ %aK, %Ud [_E[ ]T a[_ cT c[* PE[[ EK %][ YTE+ %[W `* a+ `[ ]T a[_ cT c[*

Y[S %K, W[ TYa[ LX [X G^ [H[ G_ LQ^ W[ [_׻K_X, "\+, T] E %][ YY_`_JX c[ ?" [H E, X _\* [H[ YO \T UE_C [N JO[ _\ UE* \G[X[ LX [H[ ]T _\ cC^ V[E[* ^ EK aWX\LX a[ a+, _\O LG[[ LX*

 

 

(3) <`[V`X[ Z_

 

%L 16+ ]J 1948 ]_[[* ``[]Eb ]׳V[ `m[ Yay] [`]y C [`[ =YFX׻O [_KX :

[`]y ^G@b ; Eܙ [`[ EK UE [b ca[ ؑET c[[ +K E[׻K_X* [` Eܙ [`]y[ [S׻JT mS X UE^ TgE [S [_ ؑE[ E[TX X* [`[ ]T `bؚX^ [Сb [`]yE [Сb [_ ؑE[ X E[_ [`]y[ [S a[ؙ c^ X* T+ [`]y [`E XL[ [\[ VFX[ LX AEVX TgE X]ܗS E[_X* FC^VC^[ [V[ؙ E[׻K_X YһJ[* T[Y[ [S\LX[ VlSؑ[Y XL[ ^pTYa[ Z_ [`E %YS E[_X* ^]X \LX T]X VlS* X]ܗS FC^[ Y[ [`C [`]yE AEVX Tg[ CFX PE[[ YaV GcS E[[[ LX [__X* [` ]O]׻O [V[ؙ E[׻K_X*

[`]y \[_X, 'A T %][ [Q[ M-JE[[C E[T Y[* A %[[ E ?' ^+ cE YaV GcS[ Y[ [`]yE [` [__X, "^VC E= E=E EK VT Y[ X, %[ T] PE[[ YaV F^K TUY _EE YU %Xa[ EK \LXVlS VT c^* VlS %[ E V[, ؑY AEVX <`[V`X E[׻K_], T[ Z_ T]E V_]*"

"<`[ V`X[ Z_" - A+ EU[ ]] [`]y EK [MT Y[_X X* A׻O E LX[[ LX TX [С[ EK ^G[_ G_X* [С [__X, "%][ EL ar E[, %[ EK %] LX X* T] `[[ EK ^C*" TFX [`]y `[_E `[[ EK G_X* `[[ EK A+ Ya T_T+ `[ a]Wؚ c_X* TX TX [[ A+ [E] c_* TFX [`]y [b_E G_X* [b Z_Z_ [MT [L c_X* [__X, "[`, T] YU[[ \[ AEO W[* %] T]E [M׬K*" A+ [_ [b [`]yE YU[[ \[ [cX E[T V_X* [`]y[ %XE ^G[_ ׻K_* TX \[_X, 'A %[ E !' [`]y W[_X, Eܙ %Tܙ \[ XL T_T %[ E[_X* A E c_ ! [b [__X, "\N[ X] E[, \N[ X] E[*" [`]y c_Z_ [`[ EK UE %aKX ; T+ [`[ X]O ]X ׻K_* [`]y [__X, "[` ! [` !" A+ [_T+ \[ a[ G_* YU[ ؚ[ c_* TFX [b [__X, "ؑY <`[V`X[ Z_+ AT V[ ! AE[[ W[S E[ Tc_ '<`[V`X[' Z_ E cT Y[ !"

[ؙ[E ^X YET aW, ^X <`[_\ E[KX, Tg[ EK X A_, TgE `҈[ \[ X VF_ <`[[ ]c] %][ [MT Y[ X* ^FX VF ^ TX (`[]EbV[) G_^ Ea[ X^C %X[[T PE[[ Ya E[KX TFX AO ]X c^ ^ %][ AEO ]U W[_ %ؚ[ c^ YQ

 

%[ TX A+ EPX [[][ ]WC %X[[T PE[[ EU+ [_KX* XJ^+ TX AEO EK Y^KX ^ UE %][ [ׇT [^׻K*

[ؙTf <`[V`X[ Z_ W[S E[ ^^ X* ^g[ <`[V`X E[KX W TgV[ L[X VF+ [MT c^*

 

 

 

 

(4) ؑ[Y \_ aea[ LQX

 

%L 17+ ]J 1948 [W[[* ``[]Eb ]׳V[ `m[ Ya E[KX :

AE [L[ [ؙS [L* [L[ AEYܙ AE׻O G\[ [X* a+ [X [HQET X] AE QET[ aV[ T[ V_[_ X^ [a E[ %[ ]M ]M _E_^ Y[` E[ ^ Y^ _ǻOYO E[ X^ ^^* a+ X[Q [X[ ]W EU^ ^ T[ UE, FgL YC^ ^^ X* [L %XE Jr E[C a+ QET V_E W[T Y[ X* [LE L E[[ LX AE[[ T[ [L[ AE]y `YyE J[ E[ X^ ^^* [L HbS E[_X, ^ K_E AX V[ TE YһJ[ Y[[ V[X* Y[[[ _\ %XE+ %XE Jr E[_X* Eܙ E+ [LYyE =[ E[ AX VT Y[_X X*

A+\[ [` E^E [da[ EO G_* [L[ %[ EX K_Y_ c^ X* [L C [S Yy`E X^ VX EOKX* A]X a]^ AEVX AE \V_E Aa [LE [__X ^ TX [LYyE =[ E[ AX V[X* [L [__X, "E Y[[ JX [_X*" \V_E [__X, "[[[ EK K_E AX V[ A+ T ^Ur Y[[* %X Y[[ %[ EK V[E[ X+* T[ V׻O LXb Y_ %][ EL[ a[W c^ ; %YX[ AEFX ZO C AE׻O YbE*" "A %[ [` EU E ?" [_ [L TdlSd TgE T %X^ V_X*

\V_E V[p aW aL a+ [X[ W[ G^ AEO GKT_^ UEX %[ ^ %a T[ cT VF ^ c^ AEO [_ VX* E[ [ ]_, E[ [ ]_ X* ^V[ ]_ T[ V`FX E[ [O^ ^ \[ AE V[p AaKX*

y]y] B EU X[Q L_ ^FX QET[ UET aFXC YgK_* [LYy ATVX [` [Q c^K* QET[ V_ UE HQ^ JQ, `E[ E[, T[ KgQ, [{] KgQ +TVTC Y[V` c^K* Jc[C QET[ ]T J^Q, G_Yv VQ* a LX a [HQET[ K_, %X aE_C T+ LX* T+ ]LL [l, EU[TC EE`* AEVX aE_ HQ K׻O^ a+ V[p aW[ EK Aa [_K, "VF T PE[, %][ cTO AE[[ VF T*" =X T VF+ [MT Y[KX* [_KX, "T] T [L[ K_*" AEU X cc E[ ca [LYy [_K, "A [X E X LX ^ %] [HQET[ K_ ? [_ E' ׻K_] GgL OXK ?" A+ [_ aW[ YT V[S %[p X^ a [Q Z[ G_* TE VF+ QETX [_K, "cg[, X_] ^ A+ [X AELX \[ V[p AaKX* %]E AE[[ Tg[ EK X^ G_ X ? cTO VF^ %aT]*" K_ A+ EU X [__, "a V[p X E_׻O ; %] A+]y T[ EK UE %a׻K* a [_ E LX ] ? %] XE [L[ K_*" AEU X QETX J]E =P_* K_ a׻O _l E[K ; \[_, '] J]E_ EX ? %] AEO ca[ EU [_׻K* AT J]E[[ E %K ?' B ^ aW[ AEOFX a c^K T[+ Z_ A+ aɩVr AaK* a[VX E[_+ \[K, '] J]E_ EX ?' [yT [KX^ ^C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

H] %aK X* E[_+ ]X cK, A[ ]W E [ca %K ? a a[VX OY׻O [㶑OG[ E[ [Q^ %[ [y[_ ]Q[ ]T H]^* K_ ^ H[ `^ T[ Y`[ H[+ QET QETX `^* ]MFX W ׻KO [Q[ VC^_* A H[ EU [__ C H[ a[ `X ^^* K_ %XVXE[ ]T %aQ H]K ]X E[ QET QETX ؑ\[E ؑ[ Y[&[ EU [_K*

QETX* LX, %L V[p K_E [_ V^K ^, a [L[ K_*

QET* (yԈؑ[) ^FX K_OE W[ X^ A_] TFX+ %] TE EO Z_׻K_]* T+ EOT V_ X* [__, "%]V[ K_Y_ X+ ; AE ]Xb E[*" AFX T[ EU X A+ [YV* ]^]Xb[ EU XT %K !

QETX* X ; K_ Eܙ a EU [`a E[ X*

K_ a[ XK, %[ \[K, '+a, AV[+ ATVX %] ]-[[ [_׻K* V[p aW T PE+ [_KX %[ %] EX TgE GgLF[ [_׻K !'

\[ cT+ HQ K׻O^ a V[p[ EK G^K* TE VF V[p caT caT [_KX, "E, %L %[[ E' ׻K_] GgL F^׻K Lpa E[T AaK XE ?" K_ cTLQ E[ [_K, "%]^ ]Z E[X* %] LXT Y[׻K, %] [L[ K_* %][ [[[ EK %]E X^ J_X*" V[p [_KX, "AFX T A[E]\[ ^C^ ^[ X, [[* T][ [[E VFT +K E[ ?" K_ [_K, "cg, F[ +K E[*" TFX V[p [L[ ZOFX [[ E[ TE V_X* [L[ a+ %T_X^ [Y, a+ Y]YS X^X VF K_ YG_[ ]T AE[[ K[OE ]U^ PEK, AE[[ [E PEK, AE[[ J] FK, E ^ E[[ Pc[ E[T Y[K X* V[p [_KX, "[[, =ža \[ X^* ZOFX T] X^ ^C Eܙ _E^ [F*"

L_ V[[ a]^ a[ VW+ ^V =U_ YQ ^^ Tc_ l[ c[ E[Y ? T+ \[ =ža JYT c^*

^+ cE [QT Z[ Aa K_ K[FX _E^ [F V_* [L [y aE_ H]^ YQ_ a K[FX [[ E[ YL E[, [[[ EU \[* %[[ aE_ c_ aFX _E^ [F* A+ [E] E[T E[T E^E ]a EO GK* y]`f WX L]K* AEVX WX E[T E[T aE_ c^ GK* K_[ g` X+, WX TX^* QET QETX =P VF a]X [L[ K[ %[ K_ WXؚ* QET TFX EE` ؑ[ QETXE [_K, "VF, %[ X^ R[ c^K* AFX [L[ K[ AaK, [L[ %aT %[ [` V[ X+* %L+ CE %] EO Z_[* T+ EK [_T Y[[ X* T[ LX %][ V_ a[ ][ ^[ %[ %]C ][ ^[ XE ?" QETX TFX [_K, "T][ ^ \_ ]X c^ T+ E[*" A+a[ G_]_ K_[ WX \ GK* a a[ XK %[ \[K, 'AV[+ %] ATVX ]-[[ [_׻K !'

T[Y[ K_E a[ %`[c QETV_ V^ H[ [F c^K ^T a Y_T X Y[* K_ \[K, 'AV[ a %] ET F_ E[׻K ; AEa F^׻K V^׻K, `E[ G^׻K, %[ %L %]^ A[ EO[ ! E=+ T %][ %YX[ X^ VF׻K* %][ ][ \_* Eܙ ][[ %G [[E AE[[ VFT Y_] X, A+ [Q VfF*' K_ J^ J^ VFK* VFK J[VE a[ HQ[ =Y[ aC^[ %K E[_ ^ HQ׻OT a JQT a+ HQ[ YP F_* VF]y Jl[ X]b AE _Z a+ HQ[ YP JQ HQ K׻O^ Y_^K* [X[ YU T[ F[ \_ LX ׻K_* a[+ "W[, W["

 

E[T E[T a TTlS Y_^ AE[[ V[p aW[ EK =YؚT c^ Tg[ Y^ YQ [_K, "%][ E= X+* ^V[ %] [[, ], %^ؑLX, [ ]X E[׻K, AFX [M׻K T[ %][ E= X^* %]E %][ [[[ EK X^ J_X*" V[p [__X, "cg, A+[[ T]E T][ [[[ EK X^ ^[[ a]^ c^K* ATVX W[ T][ [[[ WX׻Jܙ E[ T][ ]XO Y[[ c^K* A[[ [+[O Y[[ E[ V+*" A+ [_ T[ G_Yv VQ, [[[KgŻO J_ a[ E]^ Y[[ E[ V^ oX E[^ [L[ YbE Y[^ K_E [L[ EK X^ A_X* [L[S[ K_E Y^ F[ %XV* K_[C [[-]E Y^ F[ %V* %XV[ [G Y`]T c_ [L V[pE Lpa E[KX, "%][ K_E ETVX %G Y^׻K_X ?" V[p [_KX, "K^ ]a %G*" [L J]E =P [_KX, "%g, K.^ ]a %G ! ATVX %XX X EX ?" V[p [_KX, "VFX, TFX %X_ K_ LXT ^ a [HQET[ K_* a ae[ X EO Y^ܙ %YX K_E Y^C YTX X ^* T+ A+ E^ ]a V[ E[׻K* AFX a Xfae`^ [MT Y[K ^ ^V[ a ATVX ]-[[ C %YXLX [_ ]X E[K T[ T[ E= X^ -- CFX UE_ T[ X׸JT ]T* A[[ a PE PE [MK a %YX[+ K_ -- AFX TE %X[[ a]^ c^K*"

G[ `b `m[ [_KX, "%][C XLV[ ؑ[Y \_ G׻K* aea[E AE[[ LQ^ W[ %YX[ [_ ]X E[׻K* A+ aea[ %]V[ a+ PE[[ EK X^ ^[[ aW %KX* ^ J^ a Y^*"

YET aW E aEU [M[[ LX `m[ %[ AEO G [_KX :

AELX X[[ [[O `\^y E[ ^KX* cPd `\^y U] G_* AELX ZE[ YU %OE [ؙ^ [a %KX* TgE a[ ^T [_ c_ Eܙ ZE[ =P_X X* TFX X[[ XL JTV_ UE X] Aa ZE[E [_KX, "%] X[[ ; T] VFK X %] `\^y E[ ^׬K ? T][ AT [Q & T] %][ `\^y %OE V^K ? E T] ? a[K X EX ?"

ZE[* EX a[[ ? %]C X[[*

X[[* T] X[[ T T][ [L E+ ?

ZE[* %] ^FX ^FX UE TFX aFX+ %][ [L*

X[[* T][ WX[ E+ ?

ZE[* %][ %\[ X+ T+ WX[[ V[E[ X+*

X[[* T][ aXa]ܙ E+ ?

ZE[* %][ `y+ X+* T+ aX[C V[E[ X+*

ZE[[ EU X Tg[ =Y[ X[[[ F[ \N `҈ c^K* X[[ \[KX, 'aJ ZE[ +X, %{E QEX* AgE EK %U V_ %][ E_S c[* E[S B %U V^ =X ^ F[X TT ^ [N c[ T[ `NT =X %{[ X] E[[X* a+ X][ Z_ %] Y[*' A+ LX _E [_ aW[ EK W-cT ^T X+* ^cE X[[ TFX ZE[E Tg[ EK UE EK VX XT %X[W E[_X* ZE[ T XT ؑET c_X* X[[ TFX TgE [_KX, "^FX %]E ATO+ EY E[_X TFX %[ AEO EY E[X* %YX %][ YaV J_X*"

ZE[* J_, T][ YaV VF %a*

Tg[ ^FX X[[[ YaV YgK_X TFX X]L[ a]^ c^K* X[[ ZE[E [a^ [F Y`[ H[ X]L YQT G_X* ZE[ XKX X]L[ Y[ X[[ FV[ EK YUX E[KX,

 

"%]E %[C [L, %[C WXV_T VC*" A+ YUX X ZE[ H[ UE [[^ J_ ^KX* A]X a]^ X[[ YUX `b E[ Aa VFX ZE[ J_ ^KX* X[[ TQTQ ZE[E QE Lpa E[KX, 'EK X X^ J_ ^KX ^ ?" ZE[ TVw[ [_KX, "\lE[ EK %[ E \l X[ ? T] T \lE* FV[ EK [L, WXV_T J+K*"

[ؙ[E X[[ X[[ c_C \lE* ZE[ ZE[ c_C X[[ ; E[S Tg[ %\[ [W J_ GK*

T[Y[ Yay] aea[ ET c_ E[Y %`ܙ a a `m[ AE׻O G [_KX :

AE Gcؚ[Q[ ET %XEVX GT c^KX* aea[ V+ K_ C [W[ ]* [Q \+ [V` JE[ E[X* KO \+ C ] V` UEX* AEVX V`[ [QT AELX a~a Aa \l J+_X* \l VT AEO V[ cC^^ TX [G E[ %\aY V_X ^, "A [Q YG_][ \O cE*" AVE [Q[ G~ \l AX VFX a~a %\aŽT V^ Z[ ^KX* TX G^ a~a[ Y^ W[_X Tg[ %\aŽT Z[^ X[[ LX* a~a [__X, "%][ EU ]U c[ X* T[ A+ \O[ ^ ET c[ T[+ ]U^ YG_] JY[ %[ \O KQ_+ G_^G ]O[*"

^+ cE a a %\aŽT Z_T %[ E[K* KO K_ TFX VC^^ [a ׻K_X* ]E Z[ %aT VF [Q ][ VE J^ cPd Tg[ ]U^ F^_ RE_, 'T+T ! ]^[ %XE [^a c_* ] T %[lS^ c^KX* ]^[ [^ X V_ T a]L %[ ]F VFX ^[ X*' ^]X+ ]X cC^ %]X VVE O_G] E[ V_X, "VV, `GG[ [Q Aa* %[ JE[ E[ E c[ ! ] %[lS^ c^KX, [^ X V_ a]L %[ ]F VFX ^[ X*" O_G] Y^ VV[ T Jlؚ[* \[KX, '[Q+ [YV ! \^[ E ]U F[Y c^ G_ ?' ^+ cE %XE Er K׻O X^ [Q %aKX* YU G][ _EV[ a VF cC^T [Y[ E LXT J+_X* Tg[ [__X, "E LX ! [Q[ [+[ T [` \_+ VF* [QT RE_+ E ^ c^, F_ [_, ']^[ [^ VT c['*" VV T X F[ [G G_X ; \[_X, 'Aa[ [€T* [Q[ \T[ AE[E] %[ [+[ AE[E] ! ^ YG_ c[ a E [Q[ [+[ Aa \_ c^ ^[ ?'

\+^[ X] ]W* [Q[ V[GQ^ VQ^ ']W' [_ QE ^+ [Q[ \T[ Y V^KX %]X Tg[ \T[ YG_] REK* \+E VF+ [_KX, "cg \+, PE+ T [_׻Ka* ] T aT+ %[lS^ c^KX* [^[ [[ؚ E[T c^ VF׻K*"

G׻O [_ `m[ [_KX, "%][C aea[ ET c^ A+ [E] YG_[ ]T E[׻K* '%] ET', A+ [W UE+ ^T VfF %`ܙ*"